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Paul Martin Chartered Accountant Ltd :: Accounting, Taxation and Business Advisory :: Auckland, New Zealand
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Cost of Sale and Overheads Explained

Paul Martin • September 1, 2014

Cost of sale and overheads affect your profit.  Understanding how they inter-relate and keeping track of them can really have an impact on your business success.

Cost of Sale
Cost of sale (also known as Cost of Goods Sold or CoGS) is how much it costs you to make a sale. 

In a business which sells products, CoGS is based on the price paid for the product, plus any costs necessary to put the merchandise into inventory and make it ready for sale, including shipping and handling.  You can even break it down to calculate the cost of sale of individual units.

The basic formula is CoS = Opening Inventory + Purchases + Carriage In – Closing Inventory.

It varies, depending on what kind of business you have.  Manufacturers determine the cost of sale as the sum of the direct costs of material and labour incurred in producing a product.  A business that provides services would calculate cost of sales by looking at the amount of money that goes into providing a service.  In this kind of business it's important to have a system to track the time the team spend directly involved with delivering the service. 

Overheads
Overheads are general business expenses.  They can't be tracked directly to sales.  Overheads are what it costs you to open your doors every morning.

Seeing Profit
When you're looking at your profit and loss statement, it can be a challenge to see how all the factors inter-relate.

When you look at income from sales, you won't be able to see what your profit is until you've factored in costs.  After you've made deductions for items such as customer discounts and returns, and taken away the cost of sales you can see your gross profit.  When you look at gross profit, then deduct all your overheads, you'll see your net profit and get a better idea of how your business is really doing.

Your net profit is the proverbial bottom line.  It's important to also remember that tax is based on your net profit – the profit you keep will be your net profit after tax.

The important thing to understand is that every dollar you can save from your cost of sale increases your gross profit.  Every dollar you save from your overheads increases your net profit.  If you can't shave anything off your costs, you might need to think about whether you can increase your prices.  Increasing prices without sacrificing sales is the ultimate aim, however adding value to your products should always be considered to maintain or increase sales.

If you would like more assistance analysing and understanding your business cost of sale and overheads, please contact us for an appointment. 

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